I-Ching: Book of Changes

The I Ching, written by the great Emporer Fu Hsi (2953-2838 BC), is the most famous of the five classical Chinese (Confucian) texts:

The I-Ching is claimed to be based on an ancient divination process dating back to 5000 BC, making it one of the oldest known written works in the world. In it's current form, however, owes much to its updating and extension in the 11th centry BC by King Wen and the Duke of Chou.

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TO CAST THE I-CHING!

Each I-Ching interpretation consists of "casting the I-Ching", or making six binary decisions... also known as a "hexagram".

The outcome of these actions are recorded visually as a stack of six solid or broken lines. Traditionally this was performed using thrown yarrow stalks or coins.

To complicate matters, however, and add complexity to the decision-making logic, each line can actually have one of four possible values: two on/off values, and another line which toggles on to off or vice-versa.

One cast of the I Ching can therefore generate multiple possible hexagrams, hence generating a level of sophistication which has been compared by some to the four-valued logic of human DNA!